Benzene Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benzene - Research Paper Example Urban air quality and indoor air pollution has been listed as the World’s worst air pollution (blacksmith institute 2008).Benzene comes in as one of the biggest pollutant of air. Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the chemical formulae C6H6. It have molecules composed of six carbon atoms joined in the form of a ring as shown below. It’s a clear liquid, petroleum based chemical that have a sweet smell. Individuals may be exposed to it in factories,refineries and other industrial settings. Benzene poisoning occurs when someone swallows,touches or breathes in benzene. It’s advised for treatment to actual poison exposure to benzene one should contact the authorities. It may be found in:Diesel fuel and additives to gasoline, various paint, lacquer and varnish removers and many industrial solvents. Blurred vision, a burning sensation in the throat and nose. Benzene causes rapid and irregular heartbeat, tight chest and rapid shallow breathing and nausea, loss of appetite and vomiting. Exposure to benzene the following in the nervous system; dizziness, drowsiness, nervousness, tremors, staggering, convulsions, euphoria, unconsciousness, headache and weakness. It also causes pale skin and small red dots on the skin. This research will consist of literature review to explain various studies undertaken to explain pollution by benzene, a critical assessment of risk from exposure to benzene, a technical report of risk assessment of benzene and healthy precautions. The first study put forwardrefers benzene as an organic compound found in air emissions from burning coal, gasoline and to some extent cigarettes smoke. Benzene concentration in ambient air is very high due vehicle emissions. Its concentration in indoors air are also significant contributors to children’s exposures, especially in homes where people. It classifies benzene as a carcinogen based on occupational studies in adults demonstrated by increased instances of leukemia incidences.it have

The Human and Professional Values of Managers Essay Example for Free

The Human and Professional Values of Managers Essay The Human and Professional values of Managers: Impact on the profession Some values which can be related to good managers are truth; care, peace, justice and responsibility. Truth is something which is inborn in human behavior. Whether one lives by it or ignores it depends on his upbringing and surrounding factors. A person who has been brought up in an environment where lying was the way of life, will end up doing the same in future even on becoming a manager. Another value is care or love. A manager should care for his employees and respect their feelings. This is a sign of a good manager. A manager should always try to maintain peace at the workplace. He should cultivate the thought of reason and negotiation instead of aggression. Justice is a trait which is required in a manager. He should be able to judge between the right and the wrong for his employees. He should see to it that deserving candidates are rewarded for their hard work. A manager should always bear the responsibility for his actions and not shrug them. It’s generally the manager who is responsible for the subordinates work and he should deal with it and guide his subordinates to perform the best possible work. Leadership Professionalism Effectiveness Innovation Management Public Interest Participation Planning Efficiency 10. Strategy Managers may face a situation when they have to take a choice whether to follow their human or Professional Values. This can be a very tricky decision to take. A situation may arise such as he may know that a certain employee is about to be laid off in a month. But he has order from his superiors not to let him know till the last minute. Now he has to decide whether he will tell the employee the truth or be professional and follow orders. Such decisions have a big impact on the mind of the manager and all people affected by the wrong decision. For a manager, he has to always try to emulate the company values so that all his subordinates can follow his example. He always has to be punctual, responsible, and efficient so that all his subordinates follow his lead. To do might require some compromise on his home front, since to adhere to his values; he might have to work overtime, thus losing out on time spent with his family. But it will certainly cause a positive reaction from his subordinates. A manager will many a times face the dilemma of which employees to reward or relegate. This is another time at which he has to take a decision based on his values. A lot of times, a manager may be in cohorts with an employee and decide to promote him over a more deserving candidate. He may even stick to is human values and promote the right person and ignore his friend and give adequate justice. It may even be a case where you have to lay off a friend when the situation arises. However he may choose not to and not behave in a professional way. Which value will any person choose depends on the situation, consequences and his own characteristics. The Impact of Professional and Human values on managers are huge. They determine the behavior of the manager in his day to day activity. One cannot say which value a manager will employ, but whichever choice he makes determines the personality of the manager. It can lead to success or failure of a manager in his work.

Searching for the Perfect World in Literature :: Granny Weatherall Raven Candide

Searching for the Perfect World in Literature Literature often explores the questions raised in life: Who are we? What does it mean to die? What kind of world do we live in? Throughout this course, there seems to have been an underlying theme in most of the works that have been read, concerning human misery. It seems that most of those who experience tremendous suffering, actually allow it to happen to themselves. If one chooses to look at the losses in life, one may never find true happiness, but if one chooses to perceive those losses as an opportunity for growth, one may find the "perfect world" right here. In Poe’s, "The Raven," this idea is supported. As the poem demonstrates, one may torture himself into a life of melancholy and madness if one focuses on the losses in life. The thoughts of Lenore would not go away for him. By focusing on what he did not have, rather than what he did, he went mad. The raven answers his self-destroying questions until ultimately it becomes a permanent fixture in the room -- a symbol of the narrator's self-inflicted mental and spiritual collapse. Rather than to accept the loss and move on, he focused on what did not have and would nevar have. Therefore, he did not find the perfect world, but rather a hell on Earth. Perhaps people are faced with these experiences as tests. Our own reaction to it determines whether we pass or fail. Do we appreciate what we do have and learn from the experience or do we feel sorry for ourselves and let it drag us down? Granny Weatherall is an example of someone who let it drag her down. For 60 years she had pined over the loss of George and it made her miserable. She never stopped to look and see what was already there in her life. John was not a bad husband, but she did not even notice because she was still focusing on the loss of being jilted by George. She overlooked any good things In her life because of this misery. Something that happened 60 years ago haunted her for every day of her miserable life (because she allowed it to), until it eventually killed her.

Communication Style Essay

Communication is a message conveyed with words, body language, vocal inflections, and personal space and the meaning understood by the recipient. Problems occur when the message received is not the message sent. What’s My Communication Style assesses and identifies a person’s dominate communication style. It outlines the strengths and weaknesses of the four styles: Spirit, Direct, Systematic and Considerate. Knowing which style you are comfortable with and which styles you need to improve upon will increase the effectiveness of your communication. This assessment was enlightening because I scored relatively close on three of the four styles. After reviewing the details of each style, I see myself in those three characteristics. I scored 8, 7, and 6 on Spirited, Considerate and Systematic respectively. Therefore, I maintain my dominate style is Enthusiastic and adapts based on my audience. The positive aspects of a spirited style are persuasiveness, enthusiasm and working at a fast pace. Similarly, the considerate style listens well, values relationships and builds trust. I think all of these qualities are essential in project management. For example, at work I always ask how people’s families are or how their weekend went before we start a planning meeting. I listen to what each department thinks is the most important needs and tasks to be addressed during the project. Above all though, I want to gather all the facts before we get started and then decide how we are going to proceed. When problems arise during the project, I listen to each responsible department to see what they think went wrong, make my own assessment and then make plans to correct and put the project back on plan. To strengthen my spirited style, I need to focus on including everyone better so they feel like a more substantial part of the team. One trouble spot that I would like to work on is my organization skills. I’ve noticed that I gloss over the less important details if they are not written down on my to do list. Glossing over the details usually means mistakes that need to be corrected. If I were more organized and detail oriented, we could reduce the number of errors during the project. Most of the time, my teams have all different types of communication styles. During meetings, I can usually tell which style they are most comfortable with based on how they structure their questions. I make a point to address their comments or concerns in their type of style, although I do it enthusiastically. This can be a problem for me when I have a teammate that is too emotional in a meeting. I get frustrated when the conversation has little substance. I want to get the facts and to the point so that we can create an action item list for the team. Similarly, I prefer to avoid addressing conflicts. When they get brought up, I always try to find a path that will appease the masses while still keeping our goals in sight. Because I am so enthusiastic, I like being around other spirited people. It is easy for me to connect with people that are similarly good story tellers, fast paced and high energy. I am drawn to them and feel encouraged to share my experiences. At work, however, I really value people who are articulate, factual, decisive and direct. When we have action items and a deadline, I am focused and want to surround myself with like-minded individuals. I am most challenged working with people that are extremely systematic. I’m currently working with a guy in our IT department who is very precise. He will correct you if you miss speak or have inaccurate facts. I find it difficult to connect with him on a personal level. I have to remember to be overly prepared and armed with details of our project when we have a meeting. During one particular proposal meeting, I really focused on the details and had all my facts. I had an answer for all of his questions. Because I was prepared, I had built that trust that I was trying to build by connecting with him personally. In this case, adapting to my audience was a success. In conclusion, this communication style assignment has been very educational. The assessment helped me identify which styles that I am comfortable with. The lesson taught me how best to identify and communicate with my team to be a better leader. The introspection has shown me my strengths and my trouble spots with areas to focus on.

Toll Roads

One day my mother an I were driving to one of my football games. When we were about to arrive there was a little toll booth that read, â€Å"Two Dollars†. We couldn’t find any money so we decided to run it. The fine was fifty dollars. I believe we should take out toll roads because they can cause a lot of conflict with people. One reason why we should take out toll roads is because they can cause traffic. People have jobs and may have to take toll roads to get to them.Say a man is looking for money in his wallet, it may take a while and hold up people behind him. Many people will be late for work and may lose their jobs. Another reason why is because thousands of people in California are unemployed. Usually toll roads are two dollars, but it can vary. People don’t have much money do be paying for toll roads especially if you have to use one daily. You can buy a card but that leads to my next reason.If someone is leaving their house in a hurry they can forget thei r wallet which would either contain money or their toll pass. When they reach the toll road they would probably have to run it. Then they get a fine. This can cause much conflict with people. Many people may say that people work hard on the roads and they get a satisfying drive. But if you don’t have money or forget your toll pass then you’ll be in trouble. I believe that we should take out toll roads.

Aristotle vs Machiavelli essays

Aristotle vs Machiavelli essays Aristotle states that leaders should have moral virtues, not just have them but have the highest of it. They must have it in perfection. According to him, moral virtue is what makes them leaders. A leader is everything in a society. Without one, there is no society. Aristotle states that if you do not have a leader you are living a Barbarian life. By definition, a barbarian is a member of a people considered by those of another nation or group to have a primitive civilization. They are considered to be fierce, brutal, or cruel people. They are also considered to be insensitive and uncultured. Then it is only right for that leader to be able to conquer them, the Barbarians through war. Might makes right. Aristotle and Machiavelli agree on the stratification of society. For example; Ruler and subjects, parents and children, husband and wife. Machiavelli agrees on the stratification of society because he likes order in society. Only difference would be, that he would be prince and rule everything. Machiavelli is not all about moral virtue like Aristotle is. To Machiavelli, the prince does not have to have the highest moral virtue, he should appear to have the highest moral virtue. By appear, he is probably more leaning on the religion aspect, so he could appeal to the people. Aristotle believes that virtue is what makes them leaders. Machiavelli disagrees with that. He believes that virtue is a weakness. A leader should know how to do evil because your enemies know how to, and you should always know what your enemies are capable of for your protection. Machiavelli talks against liberality. He states that liberality will lead you to being despised. If you are liberal as a leader, people will try to take advantage. The people would take the kindness as a weakness. If you are giving everything away to all your subjects you become poor. If that were to happen you lose power. Machiavelli is all about power, so that is defin...

Darwins Black Box essays

Darwin's Black Box essays Dr. H. Allen Orr is a Professor of Biology at University of Rochester who studies the genetic changes underlying evolution. He is particularly interested in the genetics of speciation and the genetics of adaptation. Allen Orr wrote an article criticizing Michael Behe saying  ¡Ã‚ °The latest attack on evolution is cleverly argued, biologically informed C and wrong. ¡ Before starting out with his argument Orr admits that Behe ¡Ã‚ ¯s book is after all a creationist ¡Ã‚ ¯s ¡Ã‚ ¯ dream come true, and that no one can deny Behe ¡Ã‚ ¯s grasp of biochemistry. Orr says, unlike a few previous biologists who have taken aim at Darwin, Behe is the real thing, even though he tries to prove Behe wrong. What ¡Ã‚ ¯s different about Behe from his less-sophisticated brethren, according to Orr, is that Behe does not deny evolution. Orr takes Behe seriously; hence this is the reason why he wrote the article. Orr is interested why Behe feels he is especially qualified to critique Darwinism. He says to a historian or an electrician Behe certainly looks qualified since he is a  ¡Ã‚ °Biologist ¡. But it is not that simple. By turning the table around Orr starts a new argument saying  ¡Ã‚ °If I, an evolutionary biologist, were to announce that biochemistry is deeply flawed C I ¡Ã‚ ¯ve shown for instance, that enzymes are not catalysts C I doubt I ¡Ã‚ ¯d get a listen. I surely wouldn ¡Ã‚ ¯t get a publisher. Why is everyone an expert witness when the topic is Darwinism but not when it ¡Ã‚ ¯s biochemistry? ¡ The answer is complicated, but a few things are clear. First, Darwinism matters. Many people will inevitably have questions about Darwinism because many people will inevitably think about it. Secondly, this has more to do with our education system at American Universities where there is a striking asymmetry in molecular versus evolutionary education. Although many science and all biology students are required to endure molecular courses, but even a...

How to Spot and Deal with Horrible Bosses

How to Spot and Deal with Horrible Bosses Even if you’re happy with your position and your place of work, having problems with your boss can really make your life miserable. Some bosses just have a bad work ethic or unreasonable expectations of you. The most awful ones might have hair-trigger tempers, be cruel and demeaning, or even worse. Looking out for the warning signs that you might have one of these horrible bosses may help you deal with or even slip out of a bad situation before it’s too late. 1. Remain on alert during the interview.The ideal way to deal with a bad boss is to never work for him or her in the first place. This requires you to pay attention to red flags during your job interview. Potential bosses reveal much about their personalities during interviews- even though you’re the one who’s being questioned. If she arrives to the interview late, spends more time staring at his phone than engaging with you, or is unprepared or insulting, you can expect a lot of the same behavior on the job. Some workers have no problem dealing with such unprofessionalism, but if you don’t want to deal with it, say â€Å"thanks, but no thanks† to this job opportunity.2.  Look out for issues on the job.Some issues won’t arise until you’re actually working with your boss. These problems may involve a boss who is never there when you need him or one who’s constantly breathing down your neck. He may have problems with dishonesty, which can even involve taking credit for your work. She may expect you to work late, and in worst-case scenarios, only let you know this when you already have one foot out the door. He may not be willing to admit to his mistakes and might even throw you under the bus to deflect blame from himself.One or two of these issues is almost to be expected- after all, bosses are fallible humans as we all are. But when issue piles upon issue, it might be time to seek employment with a boss who isn’t so horrible.3. Believe it when you see impossible-to-miss issues.Sometimes bad boss behavior can be pretty subtle. Other times, it’s more like a slap in the face. Racist, sexist, homophobic, or otherwise offensive behavior from a boss is impossible to ignore and a clear sign that your boss is utterly horrible. There is no reason you should have to deal with such behavior- you do not have to be a trooper and keep your mouth shut if you are being mistreated. Filing a complaint with HR is definitely in order under such circumstances. Bosses who are verbally or physically abusive or invade your personal space or sexually harass you should be reported to HR, OSHA, or even the police.4. Listen to your body.Your boss’s horribleness is not just detectable in his or her behavior. Your own body may also send you a warning. Does the idea of having to deal with her another day put a knot in your stomach or an ache in your skull? Are you losing sleep because you cannot stop thinking about how your boss c hews you out every day? Does your heart pound as you walk into the office because you know your boss is either lying in wait for you or off who-knows-where while you’re left to deal with everything? Well, then your body may be sending you a clear message: get out- your boss is horrible.

A Direct Marketing Campaign for a Consumer Product Essay

A Direct Marketing Campaign for a Consumer Product - Essay Example   The marketing plan ¨ will target audiences from the ages of twelve years old to twenty-one years old. Only the students from high schoolsïÆ'’, colleges and university of this age group will be chosen in the first marketing phase within the Los Angeles Area. The private high schools are Loyola High School, Immaculate Heart High School, Rose and Alex Pilibos Armenian School, Windward School, Sheenway School, Daniel Murphy High School, Marymount High School, Shalhevet High School and Green Pastures Academy. The public high schools will be John Marshall High School, Los Angeles High School, Dorsey High School, Eagle Rock High School, and Belmont High School. The Colleges included in our school visits are Academy Pacific Travel College, Agape Christian   The Lipton Green Tea (LGT) will be portrayed as having the beneficial health ingredients such as the much-needed vitamins and minerals and its natural product with no preservatives, additives, and food coloring thereby eliminating the possibility of having harmful side effects will be the main theme of the marketing plan. This marketing strategy to attract a particular target audience will be implemented from January 2006 to June 2006. Free one bottle samples will be given to the prospective youngster.   They will then fill up a survey questionnaire to determine their taste comments and other comments and suggestions. Colorful expensive brochures and flyers will be given to each free sampling student advertising the many health benefits taking the Lipton Green Tea to make them familiar with the products. The LGT will have the same selling price as a Coke product. This means the LGT will have a very optimistic projection of its marketing strategy to corner a big portion of the beverage consuming market.

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Business law - Essay Example Moreover, her offer was published in a local newspaper, read by a large group of persons. Cheryl’s offer is unilateral as she â€Å"promised† in her advertisement to sell her minibuses to anyone who will pay  £15,000. Therefore, Cheryl made a legal conditional promise. On the other hand, there is the possibility, as it happened in Cheryl’s case, that more than one person will become interested in her offer and will be willing to accept it. Thus, it is necessary to clarify, judging by each person’s actions, who has the right to enter into a contract with Cheryl. The general rule of acceptance of an offer resulted from the case of Holwell Securities V Hughes 1974, where it was stated that the acceptance of one’s offer must be communicated to the offeror by the person that is accepting the offer in any possible way. Of course, the manifestation of the acceptance must be exteriorized, so that it is understood by the offeror. Moreover, the manifestation of accepting the offer must be linked to the offer itself and the offeror must receive the acceptance. There are several manners of accepting an offer: in written form, orally or by mail. In order to understand if Cheryl has a contract with any of the accepting parties, their manners of acceptance must be analyzed. The first person – Britney – told Cheryl she would let her know within the following week whether or not she would purchase the minibuses. The following week Britney accepted the purchase price of the black minibuses for  £15,000 by speaking to Cheryl directly. In the meantime, Cheryl made an offer via an e-mail for a reduced price of  £12,000 to her friend Amy, who agrees to purchase the minibuses on the condition that they are re-sprayed white. So, Amy made a cross offer, stating that she would accept Cheryl’s offer if this condition was respected. In the case of Tinn v Hoffmann & Co (1873) 29 LT 271 it was shown that cross offers do not lead to a binding

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Romeo and Juliet - Essay Example The first time it is presented by Othello to Desdemona as he impresses on her the magic of the talisman that was given to his mother by an Egyptian woman. The second time it is mentioned is as Othello attempts to justify his murder of Desdemona, saying Cassius had the talisman his father gave his mother. His review of the available literature on the subject reveals that most critics tend to assume Othello is lying in the first story that he tells to Desdemona as a means of romanticizing his past while few attempt to approach the question from the opposite point of view – that Othello was telling Desdemona what he really believed. Andrews also concludes that the critics have, by and large, managed to trivialize the role that his race has played in the development of Othello’s character. Those that have concentrated on race have frequently taken the idea too far, indicating that Othello is somehow less of a man because of his ‘inferior’ race. â€Å"Iago†™s temptation of Othello depends upon the kind of naivetà © Robeson has in mind; but his impassioned behavior when Iago’s ‘medicine’ works †¦ reflects Shakespeare’s acceptance of the popular notion that blacks are more passionately emotional than whites† (Andrews, 1973: 279). Where this differs from prejudice is in the fact that Shakespeare does not make this a central element of Othello’s character, but only allows it to manifest itself occasionally, such as in the case of the handkerchief. Despite what Andrews may have to say about the absence of a critical analysis regarding the role of Othello’s race and its impact on his character development prior to the opening of the play, this is exactly the subject of Edward Berry’s article â€Å"Othello’s Alienation† (1990). Within his article, Berry, too, reviews the available literature regarding Othello’s race, claiming the majority of critics choose to relegate

Origins of vernacular language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Origins of vernacular language - Essay Example Some of the vernacular language carries an interesting history laced up with all its delicacies and ethical norms. Latin and the vernacular languages Originally Latin was among one of the Italic Languages which later underwent into a continuous development and in each period it showed some significant changes between the literary written language which was influenced by other languages including Celtic Languages, Etruscan and Greek. There was an obvious difference between the linguistics used by an educated class and a uneducated class. It was in c.70 BCE to c.14 CE when Latin was at its peak and was used by poets and writers whose literature is still considered to be a golden heritage. Latin which went into a lot of brushing and grooming by other languages like Greek was then adopted by Western Church in Rome where Christianity was the most dominant religion and Latin fathers helped in compiling Christian Doctrine. African American Vernacular English (AAVE) African American Vernacul ar English is commonly known as a black vernacular as it is spoken and understood in a region where black masses are living in. It is another form of English with difference of grammatical changes in English Language used or understood in America. Controversies are noted with a subject of emergence of AAVE.

Symbols in Van Eyck's Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Essay

Symbols in Van Eyck's Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife - Essay Example The placement of the subjects also reveals the rigid gender expectations of the fifteenth century. Whereas Arnolfini is standing next to the window, representing his role as the ambassador for the family, his wife is next to the bed. This symbol works on two levels: it reminds the viewer that she is restricted to home life, and also makes an implicit sexual suggestion – a suggestion which is made explicit when we consider her come hither eyes, and the fact that her appearance resembles that of a pregnant woman. The two pairs of cast-aside shoes in the centre background and left foreground of the picture further this idea of a sexual union. Removed shoes were symbolic of sex in Dutch art. The open, red curtains of the marital bed and the cherries on the tree just visible through the window are equally as suggestive, inducing the viewer to see this portrait as the fervent desire of the couple to procreate. However, it is believed that this portrait could have been commissioned by a man grieving his first wife. This is represented by the chandelier: above the mans head a candle is burning, but the candle above the woman has burnt out. Similarly, in the frame of the mirror, on the left hand side, closer to the man, there are images of Christs life, whereas the ones on the right portray Christs death. This could also explain the disparity between the season (early summer, according to the presence of the tree) and the subjects winter clothing, if the wife had died in the winter

Origins of vernacular language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Origins of vernacular language - Essay Example Some of the vernacular language carries an interesting history laced up with all its delicacies and ethical norms. Latin and the vernacular languages Originally Latin was among one of the Italic Languages which later underwent into a continuous development and in each period it showed some significant changes between the literary written language which was influenced by other languages including Celtic Languages, Etruscan and Greek. There was an obvious difference between the linguistics used by an educated class and a uneducated class. It was in c.70 BCE to c.14 CE when Latin was at its peak and was used by poets and writers whose literature is still considered to be a golden heritage. Latin which went into a lot of brushing and grooming by other languages like Greek was then adopted by Western Church in Rome where Christianity was the most dominant religion and Latin fathers helped in compiling Christian Doctrine. African American Vernacular English (AAVE) African American Vernacul ar English is commonly known as a black vernacular as it is spoken and understood in a region where black masses are living in. It is another form of English with difference of grammatical changes in English Language used or understood in America. Controversies are noted with a subject of emergence of AAVE.

Same-Sex Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Same-Sex Marriage - Essay Example It is a social ordinal issue for what family life is being strongly affected through these transformations. The changing trends of family life are hazardous for long term family and social issue. The most emerging trend in most of the western countries is gay or lesbian marriage (Moats and David 32). The psychological disorder is basically reported behind the phenomenon. It is not natural hence it must not be permissible by law. However, the organizations supporting for human rights believe that everyone has the right to spend his or her life according to their own wishes and aspirations. There are many medical issues related with this case. It although is not taken as a good sign whether if it is permissible by law. The countries in which it is permissible are Brazil, Argentine, Spain, Sweden, Canada, South Africa and Mexico (West and Robin 45). The religious aspect of same sex marriage is divergent to the permission. Almost every religious teaching is against these sorts of marriages. It is backed by a complete campaign. The supporters are in support as a collective cohesion in the society. However it is psychologically, medically and socially ill proven phenomenon since long. The premiers of these marriages were not even aware of adverse consequences of this issue (Dryden and Caroline). The social disorders and family structure mismatch issues are associated with same sex marriage exclusively. A number of organizations are working to make these marriages banned across because of increasing damages being reported in the last decade. It is very dangerous for social systems and values. It is sign of anxiety in the people’s minds that makes them forced to do this (Olsen and Allene 11). According to Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Lesbian Gay Bisexual (LGB) persons usually suffer from adverse psychiatry disorders of disparity. These inferiority complexes further are transmitted to the children they adopt.

A Raisin In The Sun Essay Example for Free

A Raisin In The Sun Essay In my opinion, the most prevalent theme in, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† is the real meaning of money because all of the family members have dreams that require money in order for them to be fulfilled. Walter is always trying to get money to open up a liquor store and believes that the only way he can be a successful man is if he reaches this goal. Throughout the book, Walter is envious of wealthy people and is somewhat embarrassed of his career of a chauffeur. He would like for his son to have a better life and wants him to have everything that he could ever want. While talking to Mama in the book, Walter states, â€Å"Mama, sometimes when I’m downtown and I pass by them cool, quiet-looking restaurants where them white boys are sitting back and talking bout things, turning deals worth millions of dollars, sometimes I see guys don’t look much older than me.† (page 73) Walter pays so much attention to these rich â€Å"white boys† and this causes him to not appreciate what he has, he just always wants more. Walter believes that if Mama gives him the money to invest in a liquor store then he will be successful. Mama doesn’t understand why Walter is so focused on money and she asks him, â€Å"Son-how come you talk so much ‘bout money?† Walter replies, â€Å"Because it is life, Mama!† (page 74) Mama doesn’t see money as such a big necessity in life and believes more in family, love and faith. She tries to show Walter and Beneatha that not everything in life is about being wealthy and having money. For example, after Walter tells Mama that he thinks that money is life on page 74, she says, â€Å"Oh-So now it’s life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used to be life- now it’s money. I guess the world really do change†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 74) Mama is trying to teach Walter not to be so materialistic. She wants him to focus on other aspects of life that Walter just can’t seem to understand. Also, when Mama says how the world is changing, she is talking about how money has a negative influence on the people of that time and how sad it is that money  is such a necessity. During the conversation between Mama and Walter, Mama sys, â€Å"You something new, boy. In my time we was worried about not being lynched and getting to the North if we could and how to stay alive and still have a pinch of dignity too†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 74) Mama is talking about how Walter should appreciate his freedom and how in her time, they had to fight for their freedom and could care less about money. Beneatha doesn’t seem to show as much interest in money until she realizes that all of her family’s money is one. In the beginning of the book, Beneatha is kind of the outcast of the family because she doesn’t seem too concerned about the money and has different views than the rest of the family. For example, Beneatha and Ruth had a conversation about why Beneatha won’t marry George and Beneatha says, â€Å"Oh, I just mean I couldn’t ever really be serious with George. He’s- he’s so shallow.† Ruth replies, â€Å"Shallow- what do you mean he’s shallow? He’s rich!† Beneatha then says, â€Å"I know he’s rich. He knows he’s rich too.† (page 48-49) Beneatha wants more from a man than money, she has more depth than that. She is an independent woman and refuses to marry someone just because they are wealthy. In the beginning, Beneatha isn’t too focused on money; however, she comes to the realization that in order to fulfill her dream of being a doctor, she needs money for medical school. When Walter lost all of the family’s money, ruining any chance of Beneatha becoming a doctor she tells Asagai, â€Å"Asagai, while I was sleeping in that bed there, people went out and took the future right out of my hands! And nobody asked me, nobody consulted me- they just went and changed my life!† (page 134)

Barriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations

Barriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations 1.0 General introduction/background This chapter deals with general introduction and the background of the research area. It also contains the problem statement, objectives/purpose, research question, and the structure of the thesis. In todays world of globalization, knowledge and learning is considered most vital element for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For gaining competitive advantage firms and institutions are becoming more knowledge intensive, therefore they concentrate on managing and sharing knowledge to gain significant advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional education style has remained consistent without any changes been made to the system. This has enabled a large number of creative thinkers to ponder other possible educational approaches that could benefit the system (Gà ¼nes, 2008). On the other hand, technology is necessary in order to conquer, but it also a necessity to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, all of them have been forced to accept technology to become innovative and efficient (Gà ¼nes, 2008). Technology has not only radically changed the ways and methods of our works but is now beginning to transform the education system (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the use of internet technologies, firms and institutions have outstanding opportunities to deliver education and different training techniques through strategic use of internet technologies (Lee, 2006; Kaohsiung; Taiwan, 2006). The use of Internet technologies combined with suitable learning strategies assists to provide an open, flexible and dynamic learning environment. As a result many corporations, government agencies and academic institutions worldwide have increased the use of internet and educational technologies to deliver instructions and provide training. This innovative approach of delivering information and education is known as E-learning (Khan, 2008). E-learning can be simply defined as the way of learning which delivers its contents through World Wide Web (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi defined e-lear ning as â€Å"the term used to describe teaching and learning resources or experiences that is, in some way, delivered electronically†. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Sharifabadi, 2006, p.391). E-learning is a way of interaction through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by using videos, photos, texts and sounds for different educational purposes (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E-learning system creates a learning opportunity for the convenience of those who dont have the opportunity to be physically available due to various reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late 1990s and early 2000 many virtual universities were established and more universities were offering online courses, but mixed results of the e learning systems were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different researches have pointed out many barriers in e learnings implementation, which lead to its failure. For example technological infrastructure, course content quality, finance support, learners computing skills, staff training, management support and organizations culture resistance (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005). Organizations cultural resistance is considered as the most influential barrier in e learnings implementation process. The cultures resistance or resistance from the potential users negatively affects the implementation process. Unwillingness of the employees can create major problems for the managers and can lead to the system failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of required procedures and rules could lead the system to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is ready to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this instant the managers cannot gain full benefits of the new system unless they can create a change in the employees attitude (Yates, 1997, p. 164). Cultural differences among peers could create many problems in implementation of e learning system. Therefore, if the cultural issues are overlooked during implementation, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in e learnings success. (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008; Gujar and Sonone, 2004) 1.1 Problem statement There are different articles and books available in the market which mention about the usefulness and advantages of E learning. Web-based learning is a new medium of information technology; researchers have mentioned many different factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There are different factors cited by various authors which exist in their research papers that can help us to identify critical barriers. In addition, we are interested in finding out, to which extent an organization is dependent on the role of its culture, and how culture can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in organizations and are important when decision making is involved in IT management. In this regard, an organization is said to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a difficult task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E learning, a n organization should try and manage these barriers accordingly because they are critical to any organizations general business model and can equally affect the organizations decision making process. 1.2 Research question What are the critical barriers of implementing e-learning system and what is the role of organizational culture in successful implementation of E-learning system? 1.3 Objectives and Purpose of the Research The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the critical factors which may affect the implementation of e-learning system. Investigating the barriers of implementing e-learning system would help to lower down the barriers in future implementation. Moreover by examining the cultural influence of an organization towards e-learning systems implementation process, it will be easier to identify a complete outline for organizations to implement E Learning system and to make the system work efficiently and successfully. 1.4 Thesis design The structure of the thesis is principally focused on six chapters which include Chapter 1: Introduction/Background The Introduction gives brief overview of the research topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and research question. Chapter 2: Research Design/Methods This chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. Chapter 3: Framework of reference This chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors. Chapter 4: Findings This chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E learning system described by different authors. Chapter 5 Analysis This chapter will describe the analysis based on the findings. Chapter 6: Conclusions This section finally concludes the lessons drawn from the findings 2.0 Research Design/Methods This chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. 2.1 Choice of Topic Fisher (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research area according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to complete the project. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, e learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was quite intriguing for us to explore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system. Fisher (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is necessary to make sure that quite literature is available for making detail analysis. We are certain that our topic is enough interesting, significant and demanding for all researchers, businesses managers and Information Technology Management students. 2.2 Research Process There are various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, Fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned two kinds of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is used with conceptual framework but the authors are not sure about outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the other hand surveyors discovery approach is pre-structured where surveyors are already inform of the results and out come of their work. According to these concepts our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data. 2.3 Data Collection and source Fisher (2007, p. 45) states that data could be collected from existing databases, through questionnaires, conducting fieldwork or performing case studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research entire data has been collected from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. Secondary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to e learning implementation. Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or quantitative depending on the method of research study. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by words not figures. 2.4 Access of information Secondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by searching Mà ¤lardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we have used online library (ebrary) as well as other librarys database such as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which have helped us to answer our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty five articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to Implementation of E-learning system, keyword search criteria based on title contained; Ø Barriers of E learning system implementation, Ø Implications of E learning system in organizations, Ø Implementation of E learning system in large organization, Ø Challenges of E learning Implementation, Ø Limitations of E learning System, To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criteria contained; Ø Cultural issues of E leaning system, Ø Cultural Influence on online Learning, Ø Cultural influence on student learning, Ø Analyzing cultural Influences on E learning Transactional Issue, Ø Cultural difference and influence on E learning, Ø Social and cultural impact on e learning Effectiveness, Ø A cultural Analysis of relearning for developed and developing countries, Ø Cross and Multicultural issues for e learning success, Ø Influence of organizational cultural in E learning, Ø Organizational resistance towards implementing E learning system. 2.5 Data Analysis According to Miles and Huberman (1994) the data analysis consists of three parallel flows of activity: (1) Data reduction, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/verification† (p. 10). Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be successfully integrated during data analysis, as it is an iterative and continuous process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They have stated three components of activities that describe analysis which are; First is ‘data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and transformation of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The objective of this is data is to help drawing final conclusion and verification. In this study data is taken from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is ‘data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction needs to be organized that help to draw conclusion easily. In table mentioned below, different factors related to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below along with the frequency of each factor. Third is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying; describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to signify the influential role of organizations culture towards the implementation process The above model is used for the analysis of this research. Moreover, this analysis emphasizes more on comparing various authors view on to analyze and describe the critical barriers and role of culture to employ E-learning system in organizations. 2.6 Validity and Reliability Validity is defined as â€Å"the degree which researchers have measured what they have set out to measure† (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means â€Å"the extent to which another researcher can reach the same conclusion by following the same research process† (Taylor et al., 2006). Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more influential barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process. 2.7 Method Critique Due to the limitation of time, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be better to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will describe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was also discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with diverse definitions. 3.0 Framework of Reference This chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors. 3.1 E-learning 3.1.1 What is E-learning? E-learning can be defined as learning and communication exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 ; Schank, 2002; Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002; Sambrook, 2003; Fry; Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as â€Å"delivery of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.†According to Khan (2008), the word e-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diversed-learning environment. â€Å"E-learning can be viewed as an innovative approach for delivering well designed, learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning environment to anyone, anyplace, anytime by utilizing the attributes and resources of various digital technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open, flexible, and distributed learning environment† (Khan, 2008). In e-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, video and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even communicate with teachers and classmates both individually and as a group discussion with the use of message boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad (2008); Andersson, 2009; Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system using different carrying technologies and techniques like Computer Based Training (CBT), Internet-based training (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), distance learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008). For managing learning environment like, registration of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Brown, 2006). In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming popular and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the rise of World Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic black boards. These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to students who live very far from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not being able to attend in person. In the US ‘in the academic year 2001-2, five million people took at least one course online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has become a popular alternative to face-to-face instruction. 3.2 Implementation of E-learning One of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the e-learning system: To strengthen the traditional face-to-face courses with support of new communication technology, enhancement of learning experience with in traditional courses by integration of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of some influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, human resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude of the end users) are most common. Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions must use and prepare strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get support from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, designing, development and evaluation are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation. An e-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all stakeholders e.g. instructors, learners; support services staff and the institutions itself. In order for learners to become quickly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a sense of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. Technical support staff should feel happy when learners receive reliable services without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005). A strong foundation is required in order to have an effective implementation of E learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in implementation of e learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very important. Communication is also important for those who are directly responsible for the implementation; and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, functional and divisional leaders. There should be consistent scheduled meetings with these individuals to discuss the newly arising issues in the project to come up with a solution. Most of the pitfalls of e-learning are tied to technological issues so it is important to involve IT leadership throughout the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for reporting of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an outstanding and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary step for a successful implementation. 3.3 An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementation Worldwide, E-learning arises as a new paradigm of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5% in the market, but still failures exist. As many companies are moving very fast to the adoption of e-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure. (http://www.citeulike.org/user/jdellano/article/5315881) (Simmons, 2002, p.19). (Mungania, 2003) Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that encompass different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). Literature has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of e-learning e.g. some talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues while some may have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and some other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of e-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to characterize collective group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers. (Successful wala article) Distinct authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of e-learning.Wong (2007) has categorized e-learning limitations in three main areas; technological limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The lack of hardware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of e learning. (Wong, 2007 ; Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002; Hiltz, 1997). (Chadha Kumail, 2002, p.28).Roy (1996, p.9) // where u use this reference Personal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to prepare new learners psychologically (Wong, 2007 ; Kember et al., 2001; Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a disadvantage or barrier in e learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to e- learning because learners could get frustrated from this unconventional learning environment.(Wong, 2007 ; Carr, 1999; Hamid, 2002; Angelina, 2002a, p.12) The freedom provided by E-learning could be a disadvantage for the learners as internal motivation and self discipline is required at its maximum which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 ; Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003; Rivera and Rice, 2002; Abouchedid and Eid, 2004). In e-learning environment students are usually supposed to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing  ¨skills might be a disadvantage in e learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstandings (Wong, 2007; Smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations: e-learning provides 247 access. This infinite work might be a disadvantage for learners and particularly for teachers. This unlimited work could over stress teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors.(Abdou Elmulti, 2002;. Dringus, 2003; Newton, 2003; Kathawala, Schifter, 2004). Poor course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of e learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young Bal, 2003; Smulders, 2003; Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003; Gordon, Young Bal, 2003; Svensson, 2004; Ivergard Hunt, 2005;). Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of funds is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less prominent among their peers is considered another important barrier in successful e learning (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major costs areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, maintenance and up gradation. Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. Conversion of teaching context in to electronic shape could not add any value to e learning (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997) Boondao et al (2008) mentioned, â€Å"It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without taking issues of culture and context into account†. The influence of culture cannot be ignored in successful implementation of e learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during designing could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of e learning (Boondao et al, 2008). 3.4 Discussing the different critical barriers 3.4.1 A Framework for E-Learning These days an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003).. But as these companies try to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number barriers to the implementation of E-learning come across to halt them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and may include as personal, organizational, situational, instructional, and technological barriers. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover khans E- learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come cross E learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework composed of eight dimensions: institutional, management, technological, pedagogical, ethical, interface design, resource support, and evaluation. 3.1 Institutional Issues Institutions need to build a complete plan for the successful implantation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23).Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant effect upon the success of E learning process (Cronje,2009). E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution therefore a strong comment needed from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions missions and strategic plans (Galusha , 1997; Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore e-learning implementation process is paradigm shift for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004). To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process development that are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative affairs, Academic affairs and Student services (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E learning system), budgeting and ROI , course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition and fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas Academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, intellectual property rights and so on (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for e-learning effectiveness. Some of the institutional related issues are mentioned below: Needs Assessment Needs analysis will assist institutions to examine the needs for their e-learning plan and establish its e-learning goals. (Khan 2005,p. 24 , Sue Childs et al.2005) Readiness Assessment Readiness Assessment critical factors should be considered are e-learning must be Open, flexible and distributed. There are three basic types of readiness: Financial Readiness which defines whether its e-learning initiative investment importance, Infrastructural readiness readiness which includes human resource readiness, equipment readiness, and technological skill readiness and cultural which are preferences of Learners instructors and the existing learning culture (Khan 2005, p.25). Organizational change E-learning engages a change of model to some level, a change in how you deal with knowledge and its information in organization (Khan 2005, p. 26 and Sue Childs et al.2005). Budgeting and return on investment Institutions should do costing before, during, and after the implementation of e-learning so that they are able to analyze return on investment and benefits of e Learning (Romiszowski, 2004 and Khan 2005, p.28-29). Program and course information catalog Institution should provide precise information about their courses, schedule and fees etc (Mungania 2003, Khan 2005, p.30). Financial Aid Financial aid services should be provided to support learners by using technological and human support services (Khan 2005, p.32). Policies Institutional e-learning policies must be communicated to all groups including instructors, learners, and support staff (Khan 2005, p. 35). Instructional Quality Instructional quality in e-learning creates meaningful learning environment (Khan 2005,p. 35, Muilenburg and Berge (2005), Gulatee and Combes (2007), Lum (2006), Park and Choi (2009). Faculty and Staff support For effective e learning instructor, faculty members as well as supporting staff should receive proper training to support the learners (Khan 2005, p.41). Intellectual property rights Institutions must give information to the learners, as well instructors about intellectual property rights (Khan 2005, p. 39). Learning Skills Development Well-designed learners guide can help those learners, supporting staff how have no experience with open, distributed and flexible learning environment which includes Library, Tutorial Services, and Support Network (Khan 2005, p. 39); ), Wong (2007). 3.2Management issues (Magalhaes, 2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barriers towards successful implementation of E learning system in institution. Management issues of e-learning in organization ref Barriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations Barriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations 1.0 General introduction/background This chapter deals with general introduction and the background of the research area. It also contains the problem statement, objectives/purpose, research question, and the structure of the thesis. In todays world of globalization, knowledge and learning is considered most vital element for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For gaining competitive advantage firms and institutions are becoming more knowledge intensive, therefore they concentrate on managing and sharing knowledge to gain significant advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional education style has remained consistent without any changes been made to the system. This has enabled a large number of creative thinkers to ponder other possible educational approaches that could benefit the system (Gà ¼nes, 2008). On the other hand, technology is necessary in order to conquer, but it also a necessity to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, all of them have been forced to accept technology to become innovative and efficient (Gà ¼nes, 2008). Technology has not only radically changed the ways and methods of our works but is now beginning to transform the education system (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the use of internet technologies, firms and institutions have outstanding opportunities to deliver education and different training techniques through strategic use of internet technologies (Lee, 2006; Kaohsiung; Taiwan, 2006). The use of Internet technologies combined with suitable learning strategies assists to provide an open, flexible and dynamic learning environment. As a result many corporations, government agencies and academic institutions worldwide have increased the use of internet and educational technologies to deliver instructions and provide training. This innovative approach of delivering information and education is known as E-learning (Khan, 2008). E-learning can be simply defined as the way of learning which delivers its contents through World Wide Web (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi defined e-lear ning as â€Å"the term used to describe teaching and learning resources or experiences that is, in some way, delivered electronically†. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Sharifabadi, 2006, p.391). E-learning is a way of interaction through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by using videos, photos, texts and sounds for different educational purposes (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E-learning system creates a learning opportunity for the convenience of those who dont have the opportunity to be physically available due to various reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late 1990s and early 2000 many virtual universities were established and more universities were offering online courses, but mixed results of the e learning systems were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different researches have pointed out many barriers in e learnings implementation, which lead to its failure. For example technological infrastructure, course content quality, finance support, learners computing skills, staff training, management support and organizations culture resistance (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005). Organizations cultural resistance is considered as the most influential barrier in e learnings implementation process. The cultures resistance or resistance from the potential users negatively affects the implementation process. Unwillingness of the employees can create major problems for the managers and can lead to the system failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of required procedures and rules could lead the system to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is ready to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this instant the managers cannot gain full benefits of the new system unless they can create a change in the employees attitude (Yates, 1997, p. 164). Cultural differences among peers could create many problems in implementation of e learning system. Therefore, if the cultural issues are overlooked during implementation, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in e learnings success. (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008; Gujar and Sonone, 2004) 1.1 Problem statement There are different articles and books available in the market which mention about the usefulness and advantages of E learning. Web-based learning is a new medium of information technology; researchers have mentioned many different factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There are different factors cited by various authors which exist in their research papers that can help us to identify critical barriers. In addition, we are interested in finding out, to which extent an organization is dependent on the role of its culture, and how culture can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in organizations and are important when decision making is involved in IT management. In this regard, an organization is said to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a difficult task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E learning, a n organization should try and manage these barriers accordingly because they are critical to any organizations general business model and can equally affect the organizations decision making process. 1.2 Research question What are the critical barriers of implementing e-learning system and what is the role of organizational culture in successful implementation of E-learning system? 1.3 Objectives and Purpose of the Research The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the critical factors which may affect the implementation of e-learning system. Investigating the barriers of implementing e-learning system would help to lower down the barriers in future implementation. Moreover by examining the cultural influence of an organization towards e-learning systems implementation process, it will be easier to identify a complete outline for organizations to implement E Learning system and to make the system work efficiently and successfully. 1.4 Thesis design The structure of the thesis is principally focused on six chapters which include Chapter 1: Introduction/Background The Introduction gives brief overview of the research topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and research question. Chapter 2: Research Design/Methods This chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. Chapter 3: Framework of reference This chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors. Chapter 4: Findings This chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E learning system described by different authors. Chapter 5 Analysis This chapter will describe the analysis based on the findings. Chapter 6: Conclusions This section finally concludes the lessons drawn from the findings 2.0 Research Design/Methods This chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. 2.1 Choice of Topic Fisher (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research area according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to complete the project. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, e learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was quite intriguing for us to explore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system. Fisher (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is necessary to make sure that quite literature is available for making detail analysis. We are certain that our topic is enough interesting, significant and demanding for all researchers, businesses managers and Information Technology Management students. 2.2 Research Process There are various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, Fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned two kinds of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is used with conceptual framework but the authors are not sure about outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the other hand surveyors discovery approach is pre-structured where surveyors are already inform of the results and out come of their work. According to these concepts our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data. 2.3 Data Collection and source Fisher (2007, p. 45) states that data could be collected from existing databases, through questionnaires, conducting fieldwork or performing case studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research entire data has been collected from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. Secondary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to e learning implementation. Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or quantitative depending on the method of research study. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by words not figures. 2.4 Access of information Secondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by searching Mà ¤lardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we have used online library (ebrary) as well as other librarys database such as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which have helped us to answer our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty five articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to Implementation of E-learning system, keyword search criteria based on title contained; Ø Barriers of E learning system implementation, Ø Implications of E learning system in organizations, Ø Implementation of E learning system in large organization, Ø Challenges of E learning Implementation, Ø Limitations of E learning System, To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criteria contained; Ø Cultural issues of E leaning system, Ø Cultural Influence on online Learning, Ø Cultural influence on student learning, Ø Analyzing cultural Influences on E learning Transactional Issue, Ø Cultural difference and influence on E learning, Ø Social and cultural impact on e learning Effectiveness, Ø A cultural Analysis of relearning for developed and developing countries, Ø Cross and Multicultural issues for e learning success, Ø Influence of organizational cultural in E learning, Ø Organizational resistance towards implementing E learning system. 2.5 Data Analysis According to Miles and Huberman (1994) the data analysis consists of three parallel flows of activity: (1) Data reduction, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/verification† (p. 10). Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be successfully integrated during data analysis, as it is an iterative and continuous process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They have stated three components of activities that describe analysis which are; First is ‘data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and transformation of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The objective of this is data is to help drawing final conclusion and verification. In this study data is taken from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is ‘data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction needs to be organized that help to draw conclusion easily. In table mentioned below, different factors related to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below along with the frequency of each factor. Third is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying; describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to signify the influential role of organizations culture towards the implementation process The above model is used for the analysis of this research. Moreover, this analysis emphasizes more on comparing various authors view on to analyze and describe the critical barriers and role of culture to employ E-learning system in organizations. 2.6 Validity and Reliability Validity is defined as â€Å"the degree which researchers have measured what they have set out to measure† (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means â€Å"the extent to which another researcher can reach the same conclusion by following the same research process† (Taylor et al., 2006). Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more influential barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process. 2.7 Method Critique Due to the limitation of time, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be better to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will describe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was also discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with diverse definitions. 3.0 Framework of Reference This chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors. 3.1 E-learning 3.1.1 What is E-learning? E-learning can be defined as learning and communication exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 ; Schank, 2002; Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002; Sambrook, 2003; Fry; Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as â€Å"delivery of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.†According to Khan (2008), the word e-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diversed-learning environment. â€Å"E-learning can be viewed as an innovative approach for delivering well designed, learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning environment to anyone, anyplace, anytime by utilizing the attributes and resources of various digital technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open, flexible, and distributed learning environment† (Khan, 2008). In e-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, video and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even communicate with teachers and classmates both individually and as a group discussion with the use of message boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad (2008); Andersson, 2009; Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system using different carrying technologies and techniques like Computer Based Training (CBT), Internet-based training (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), distance learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008). For managing learning environment like, registration of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Brown, 2006). In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming popular and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the rise of World Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic black boards. These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to students who live very far from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not being able to attend in person. In the US ‘in the academic year 2001-2, five million people took at least one course online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has become a popular alternative to face-to-face instruction. 3.2 Implementation of E-learning One of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the e-learning system: To strengthen the traditional face-to-face courses with support of new communication technology, enhancement of learning experience with in traditional courses by integration of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of some influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, human resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude of the end users) are most common. Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions must use and prepare strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get support from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, designing, development and evaluation are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation. An e-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all stakeholders e.g. instructors, learners; support services staff and the institutions itself. In order for learners to become quickly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a sense of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. Technical support staff should feel happy when learners receive reliable services without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005). A strong foundation is required in order to have an effective implementation of E learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in implementation of e learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very important. Communication is also important for those who are directly responsible for the implementation; and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, functional and divisional leaders. There should be consistent scheduled meetings with these individuals to discuss the newly arising issues in the project to come up with a solution. Most of the pitfalls of e-learning are tied to technological issues so it is important to involve IT leadership throughout the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for reporting of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an outstanding and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary step for a successful implementation. 3.3 An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementation Worldwide, E-learning arises as a new paradigm of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5% in the market, but still failures exist. As many companies are moving very fast to the adoption of e-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure. (http://www.citeulike.org/user/jdellano/article/5315881) (Simmons, 2002, p.19). (Mungania, 2003) Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that encompass different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). Literature has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of e-learning e.g. some talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues while some may have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and some other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of e-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to characterize collective group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers. (Successful wala article) Distinct authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of e-learning.Wong (2007) has categorized e-learning limitations in three main areas; technological limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The lack of hardware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of e learning. (Wong, 2007 ; Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002; Hiltz, 1997). (Chadha Kumail, 2002, p.28).Roy (1996, p.9) // where u use this reference Personal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to prepare new learners psychologically (Wong, 2007 ; Kember et al., 2001; Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a disadvantage or barrier in e learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to e- learning because learners could get frustrated from this unconventional learning environment.(Wong, 2007 ; Carr, 1999; Hamid, 2002; Angelina, 2002a, p.12) The freedom provided by E-learning could be a disadvantage for the learners as internal motivation and self discipline is required at its maximum which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 ; Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003; Rivera and Rice, 2002; Abouchedid and Eid, 2004). In e-learning environment students are usually supposed to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing  ¨skills might be a disadvantage in e learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstandings (Wong, 2007; Smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations: e-learning provides 247 access. This infinite work might be a disadvantage for learners and particularly for teachers. This unlimited work could over stress teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors.(Abdou Elmulti, 2002;. Dringus, 2003; Newton, 2003; Kathawala, Schifter, 2004). Poor course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of e learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young Bal, 2003; Smulders, 2003; Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003; Gordon, Young Bal, 2003; Svensson, 2004; Ivergard Hunt, 2005;). Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of funds is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less prominent among their peers is considered another important barrier in successful e learning (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major costs areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, maintenance and up gradation. Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. Conversion of teaching context in to electronic shape could not add any value to e learning (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997) Boondao et al (2008) mentioned, â€Å"It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without taking issues of culture and context into account†. The influence of culture cannot be ignored in successful implementation of e learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during designing could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of e learning (Boondao et al, 2008). 3.4 Discussing the different critical barriers 3.4.1 A Framework for E-Learning These days an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003).. But as these companies try to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number barriers to the implementation of E-learning come across to halt them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and may include as personal, organizational, situational, instructional, and technological barriers. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover khans E- learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come cross E learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework composed of eight dimensions: institutional, management, technological, pedagogical, ethical, interface design, resource support, and evaluation. 3.1 Institutional Issues Institutions need to build a complete plan for the successful implantation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23).Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant effect upon the success of E learning process (Cronje,2009). E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution therefore a strong comment needed from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions missions and strategic plans (Galusha , 1997; Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore e-learning implementation process is paradigm shift for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004). To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process development that are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative affairs, Academic affairs and Student services (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E learning system), budgeting and ROI , course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition and fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas Academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, intellectual property rights and so on (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for e-learning effectiveness. Some of the institutional related issues are mentioned below: Needs Assessment Needs analysis will assist institutions to examine the needs for their e-learning plan and establish its e-learning goals. (Khan 2005,p. 24 , Sue Childs et al.2005) Readiness Assessment Readiness Assessment critical factors should be considered are e-learning must be Open, flexible and distributed. There are three basic types of readiness: Financial Readiness which defines whether its e-learning initiative investment importance, Infrastructural readiness readiness which includes human resource readiness, equipment readiness, and technological skill readiness and cultural which are preferences of Learners instructors and the existing learning culture (Khan 2005, p.25). Organizational change E-learning engages a change of model to some level, a change in how you deal with knowledge and its information in organization (Khan 2005, p. 26 and Sue Childs et al.2005). Budgeting and return on investment Institutions should do costing before, during, and after the implementation of e-learning so that they are able to analyze return on investment and benefits of e Learning (Romiszowski, 2004 and Khan 2005, p.28-29). Program and course information catalog Institution should provide precise information about their courses, schedule and fees etc (Mungania 2003, Khan 2005, p.30). Financial Aid Financial aid services should be provided to support learners by using technological and human support services (Khan 2005, p.32). Policies Institutional e-learning policies must be communicated to all groups including instructors, learners, and support staff (Khan 2005, p. 35). Instructional Quality Instructional quality in e-learning creates meaningful learning environment (Khan 2005,p. 35, Muilenburg and Berge (2005), Gulatee and Combes (2007), Lum (2006), Park and Choi (2009). Faculty and Staff support For effective e learning instructor, faculty members as well as supporting staff should receive proper training to support the learners (Khan 2005, p.41). Intellectual property rights Institutions must give information to the learners, as well instructors about intellectual property rights (Khan 2005, p. 39). Learning Skills Development Well-designed learners guide can help those learners, supporting staff how have no experience with open, distributed and flexible learning environment which includes Library, Tutorial Services, and Support Network (Khan 2005, p. 39); ), Wong (2007). 3.2Management issues (Magalhaes, 2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barriers towards successful implementation of E learning system in institution. Management issues of e-learning in organization ref